Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology

Neurotology is a branch of otology concerned about those parts of the sensory system identified with the ear, particularly the internal ear and related brainstem structures also called Otoneurology. Otology by and large alludes to the treatment of center ear sickness and resultant conductive hearing loss, though neurotology indicates the treatment of inward ear conditions, or hearing and adjust issue.
 

Facial nerve paralysis
Hearing loss and deafness 
Labyrinthectomy
Vertigo 
Sensorineural hearing loss
Neuro Otolaryngology
Perforated eardrum                            

Laryngology is the category of medicine that deals with clutters, infections and wounds of the voice box (larynx). Regular conditions influenced by laryngologists organize vocal overlay bulge and blisters, laryngeal cancer, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, papilloma’s, and voice abuse disorders.

Dysphonia/hoarseness
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Speech therapy and audio processing
Tracheostomy
Spasmodic dysphonia
Vocal cord nodules and polyps
Hoarseness Evaluation and Treatment
Salivary gland tumors
Voice disorders

Allergy and Immunology is the subspecialty of laryngology that emphases on the care and treatment of health considerations and conditions of the immune system, together with allergic illness and connected symptoms and reactions—from respiratory disorder, rhinitis, sinus issues, or seasonal allergies to severe reactions to medicine , food, vaccines, and more. Allergic reactions and immunology covers many immune diseases that have an effect on millions of people.                     

Rhinitis and Sinusitis are among the most common medical conditions and are frequently associated with each other. Both rhinitis and sinusitis can significantly decrease quality of life, provoke comorbid conditions, and require significant direct medical expenditures. Both conditions also create even greater indirect costs to society by causing lost work and school days and reduced workplace productivity and school learning. The session "Rhinitis and Sinusitis" is to discuss topics such as differential diagnosis, differential considerations, pathophysiology, physical findings, and treatments.

Therapeutical and surgical treatments
Ethmoidal & Sphenoidal sinusitis
Maxillary and Frontal Sinusitis
Subacute Sinusitis
Acute & Chronic Sinusitis
Chronic Atrophic Rhinitis
Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Allergic & Nonallergic Rhinitis                                                                

Tinnitus is that the generality of noise ringing within the cognizance when no corresponding external sound is present. A commonplace squabble, tinnitus affects roughly 1 in 5 people. Tinnitus isn't a circumstance itself it's a symptom of an abecedarian condition, which includes age-affiliated hail loss, observance detriment, or a circulatory machine complaint. Although it can worsen with age for lots of humans, tinnitus can enhance with treatment. Other treatments may reduce or mask the noise, making tinnitus much less great.

Vestibular Schwannoma
Middle ear disorders and tinnitus
Electrical stimulation (skin, vagus nerve, deep brain stimulation)
Pharmacological treatment and Behavioral treatment
Epidemiology of tinnitusTinnitus from sound exposure                  

Otorhinolaryngology is the study of ENT and ENT surgery. Otolaryngologists analyze, evaluate, manage and treat the wide range diseases of head and neck, ear, nose and throat. The particular and complicated challenge of ENT is Head and Neck Condition and Surgery.

Head and Neck Cancer
Head and Neck Surgery
Surgical care of Head and Neck
Tonsillectomy
Glossectomy
ENT Cancer

Head, Neck and Oral Oncology deals with head and neck cancers that consists of tumors with in the mouth, larynx, pharynx, salivary glands and nasal passage. Head and Neck cancers generally occur within the squamous cells where the mucosal vicinity is more and neck is covered with most of the cancers cells. These cancer cells are called as Squamous Carcinoma of head and neck. 

Squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and tumor pathology
Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Oncology
Prevention of Oral cancer
Tobacco and oral diseases
Oral and Craniofacial diseases
Chemotherapy of oral cancer and its side effects
Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral cancer
Stem cell treatment

Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery targets the treatment of patients who have undergone malignant facial abnormalities. Facial reconstruction after tumor removal comprises bone rebuilding, facial implants, or procedures like Rhinoplasty or jaw repair. The persistence of facial reconstruction is to restore the authentic features and help the patient have a normal life. Facial Reconstructive surgeons are able to reinstate the movement of the paralyzed face, restore the skin color, contour any deformities, and also optimization of speech, swallowing, and breathe.

Rhinoplasty and Septoplasty
Injectable cosmetic treatments
Trauma to the face
Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage
Basal Cell Carcinoma

Skull Base Surgery is a specialized type of surgery that focuses on treating conditions at the base of the skull. This includes areas like the undersurface of the brain and important nerves and vessels that exit out of the brain to support senses such as sight, smell, and hearing. The challenge in skull base surgery is reaching these areas without having to cut through the skull and retract the brain. Otolaryngology skull base surgery is minimally invasive and almost always performed using a team approach. An ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist, typically teams with a neurosurgeon to access these areas through the nose, eyelid, forehead, or above and behind the ear.                                                                         

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS or OMFS) has some aptitude in treating various diseases, wounds and distortions in the Craniofacial regions for example head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and sensitive tissues of these areas. OMS goes about as an augmentation among pharmaceutical and dentistry, treating conditions that require authority from the two establishments, for instance, head and neck developments, early dental implant frustration, hostile to disease prophylaxis, salivary organ sicknesses, facial unevenness, facial anguish and bruises and tumors of the jaws and pollutions.

Oral Medicine
Endodontic Surgery
Preprosthetic Surgery
Implantology
Maxillary Sinusitis
Neuralgias of Oral and Maxillofacial Region
Salivary Gland Pathologies
Maxillofacial Traumatology
Orthognathic Surgery                                                    

Craniofacial Surgery is a branch of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery which specifically deals with the correction of deformities of the face and skull.

Craniosynostosis
Facial clefts
Craniofacial trauma
Vascular anomalies
Jaw deformities (Orthognathic surgery)
Cosmetic surgery
Head and neck cancer reconstruction
Facial palsy
Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Craniofacial Microsomia
Method of Temporomandibular Joint
Facial Hemorrhage

Rhinology is the medical and surgical specialty concerned with the structure, functions and diseases of the nose. Sinus surgery is performed mainly to treat chronic sinusitis, remove polyps from sinuses and treat other conditions. Most people have sinus surgery because they have severe sinus problems that medication hasn’t helped. Sinus surgery may involve removing infected sinus tissue, bone or polyps. There are several types of sinus surgeries designed to be less invasive so you can recover quickly.
 

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)
Balloon sinuplasty
Caldwell Luc surgery           

Inflammatory diseases of the middle ear include a broad range of pathological conditions, including Acute Otitis Media (AOM; suppurative or nonsuppurative), bullous myringitis, granular myringitis, eosinophilic otitis media, and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), with or without cholesteatoma. Ear, nose, and throat problems can be caused by a number of different factors. The ear, nose, and throat are interconnected so the problems in one area can often affect the other.

Care seeking practices for ear infections
ENT infections and antibiotic resistance
Aspects of prevention                            

Anesthesia may be a three state of analgesia (relief from pain), palsy (muscle relaxation), and amnesia (loss of memory). Severe pain may occur because of infection, surgery, injury and disruption of blood. The pain treatment can also decrease asleep physiological effects of untreated pain. It shows the sleep- inducing management of an anesthesia and Pediatric ENT approaches carrying Aden tonsillectomy, Oesophagoscope and Centre observance surgery. Anesthesia in pediatric otolaryngology.

Anesthetic systems for center ear surgery
Anesthetic framework for miniaturized scale laryngeal surgery
Anesthesia in thoracic surgery
Anesthesia in pediatric otolaryngology                                                                                  

Audiology is the branch of science dedicated to the study of hearing, balance and their associated disorders. Audiologists are responsible for managing and rehabilitation of disorders related to hearing as well as balance.

Communication disorders are the disorders which affect a person’s ability to detect, receive, process, and comprehend the concepts or symbols necessary for communication. Communication disorder includes hearing loss, speech and voice disorders and the most essential and considerable stage, language problems. The communication process enables a person to pass on information, express their ideas and feelings, and understand other people’s thoughts, emotions, and ideas.  

Types of Communication disorders:
 

Speech disorders
Language disorders
Hearing disorders
Central Auditory Processing Disorders
Child-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
Social communication disorder    

An ear disorder is usually a bacterial or viral disease that impacts the center of the ear, the air-filled space behind the Eardrum that surrounds the modest vibrating bones of the ear. Kids are more credible than grown-ups to get ear infections. Ear infections every now and recurrently are difficult in view of worsening and development of liquids in the center ear. Since ear infections frequently clear up without anybody more, treatment may start with overseeing torment and noticing the issue.

Adenoma and Ceruminoma
Ototoxicity
Keratosis obturans
Pierced ear lobe infections
Otitis Media
Acute external Otitis (Swimmer’s ear)
Dental implant
Erysipelas
Ramsay hunt syndrome
Exostosis
Otomycosis                     

The most common illness affecting teenagers is tonsillitis. The treatment of pediatric Ear, Nose and Throat issues money owed for about 50% of all of the care furnished at Ear Nose and Throat Surgeons. The first-rate care of children requires the knowledge that youngsters are not truly small adults. The physiology of the growing child is as precise as the skills which are vital for gold standard communication among the physician and toddler (parent). Pediatric Otolaryngology deals with Pediatric Otology, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Laryngomalacia, Cricotracheal resection and Adenoidectomy.
 

Adenoidectomy
Caustic ingestion
Decannulation
Myringotomy and tubes
Laryngotracheal reconstruction
Laryngomalaci
Cricotracheal resection
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Pediatric Otology
Rhinology and Sinus Surgery
Swallowing disorders
Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
Head and Neck disorders

A cochlear implant is an implanted electronic hearing device, designed to produce suitable hearing sensations to a person with severe to profound nerve deafness by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear. A cochlear implant receives sound from the outside environment, processes it, and sends small electric currents near the auditory nerve. These electric currents activate the nerve, which then sends a signal to the brain. The brain learns to recognize this signal and the person experiences this as hearing. The cochlear implant somewhat simulates natural hearing, where sound creates an electric current that stimulates the auditory nerve.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a breathing disorder in which the airway gets blocked or collapsed during sleep, causing repeated lapses in breath. Snoring is one of the most common symptoms of OSA, but not all people who snore have OSA. OSA-related snoring tends to be loud and sound as if a person is choking, snorting, or gasping. OSA disturbs sleep and often disrupts the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. More mild snoring, often called primary snoring, occurs frequently but doesn’t provoke these other effects.
 

Silent pauses in breathing
Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
Insomnia
Occupational Voice Disorders
Surgical Treatment of Snoring /OSAS
Robot assisted Surgery
Maxillo Mandibular Advancement
Voice & Swallowing in Elderly
Soft Palate/Tonsil Treatments
Laryngeal Movement Disorders                                                                    

Phoniatrics is the medical specialty dealing with voice, speech, language, hearing and swallowing disorders. It is the study and treatment of organs involved in speech production, mainly the mouth, throat (larynx), vocal cords, and lungs. Problems treated in phoniatrics include dysfunction of the vocal cords, cancer of the vocal cords or larynx, inability to control the speech organs properly (speech disorders), and vocal loading problems. Pedaudiology is the science which deals with the hearing disorders in children.                        

ENT rehabilitation is a treatment to enhance the function of body which has been weakened. In ENT rehabilitation provides awareness on Speech & language treatment which assist in speaking and VRT (Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy) to improve balance and to reduce the practice of dizziness.

ENT rehabilitation treatment helps to retain or improve function of the body which has been lost. In ENT recovery center speech and language treatment helps in Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT) and talking to advance equalization and furthermore to limit the experience of dizziness, improve patient’s dependability, mobility, nervousness, increment coordination and diminishes falls. It is hard to give a general layout on the VRT practices because they are structured and recommended individually for every patient.

Biochemical blood analysis
Pharyngeal swab
Consultation with an Otorhinolaryngologist                                                          

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. The ear, nose, and throat all are inter-connected and therefore the infection occurred in one area can easily spread to other quickly. Ear infections which are not identified and treated early might leads to complications such as mastoiditis, meningitis or encephalitis, deafness and sinusitis. The most common nasal infections are rhinitis and sinusitis. Throat infection may be either due to viruses or bacteria. Infection of the tonsils leads to swelling of tonsils, red sore throat, fever and difficulty in swallowing.

Epidemiology
The SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic aspects
Mitigation of COVID-19
Virology                                

A Speech Language Pathologist will facilitate treat issues associated with speech, hearing, and swallowing. Additional specifically Associate in Nursing SLP will facilitate assess and treat:
 

Fluency: Stammering, and cluttering

Speech: Articulation

Language: Ability, and comprehension of spoken and communication

Cognition: Attention, memory, ability to resolve issues

Voice: Characteristics of vocal tone audible habilitation & audible rehabilitation: recovery techniques related to speech, hearing & language disorders

Swallowing disorders: Stroke and innate disorders

Alternative services: Some therapists can focus on alternative services together with skilled voice development, accent or non-standard speech modification, transgender voice, business communication modification, and voice hygiene.                                        

ENT examination usually involves examination of Ear, Nose, and Throat. Head and Neck examination Pharynx, Larynx, and Thyroid Gland apart from oral cavity, salivary glands, nose, sinuses, jaw and temporomandibular joints.

Nasal Examination: A nasal examination is usually performed with a headlight or mirror and a handheld speculum that allows examination of the nasal septum and turbinates.

Throat Examination: Throat examination is majorly performed using nasopharyngoscope, laryngoscope.

Ear Examination: Examination of the ear is majorly performed with the help of Otoscope, Audiometer, and Tympanometer.

ENT implants and devices are utilized for the determination, treatment or surgical treatment related to ear, nose and throat disorders. It redresses the issues identified with hearing, smelling, speaking and snoring. Otolaryngologists utilizes innovative implants and devices for the treatment such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, bone anchored hearing aid, auditory brain stem implant, bone conduction, electric acoustic stimulation.

Cochlear implants
Hearing loss
Need of hearing aids
Bone anchored hearing aid
Implant material
Techniques of implantation
Latest implantation devices                                     

Hearing difficulty can be induced by some wide variety of causes, each of which can be viably treated with medication or surgery, depending upon the infirmity technique. Hearing Loss is classified as: Conductive hearing loss, Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), blended hearing loss. This track will analyse the detail analysis of causes and treatment of deafness and hearing loss.

Sudden deafness and permanent hearing loss
Pendred syndrome
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD)
Age Related Hearing Loss
Audio logic rehabilitation, hearing screening and testing
Non syndromic hearing loss and deafness
Deaf-Blindness
Hearing problems in children
Causes of conductive deafness                                                                         

The main aim of this scientific session is to discuss the latest advancements in the diagnosis of the disorders/defects and diseases associated with the head, neck, mouth, ear, nose, and throat.

Pathophysiology
Advanced diagnosis in otorhinolaryngology
Needle biopsy
Rinne test
Radiology
Endoscopic diagnosis